Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects individuals with ovaries, characterized by an imbalance in reproductive hormones due to elevated androgen levels. This hormonal disturbance often results in irregular menstrual cycles, amenorrhea, and unpredictable ovulation. Ovarian morphology associated with PCOS typically includes multiple small follicular cysts and potential ovarian enlargement due to chronic anovulation. Clinical manifestations extend beyond reproductive irregularities and may include hirsutism, acne, weight gain, and infertility. The diagnostic approach for PCOS is multifaceted, combining clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and imaging studies. Commonly, physicians employ a combination of physical examination, specific lab tests, and pelvic ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis. Pelvic ultrasound remains a fundamental method in diagnosing PCOS, with several sonographic parameters being used to distinguish polycystic ovaries from healthy ovaries. Key sonographic indicators include increased ovarian volume, increased follicle count, distinctive peripheral follicle distribution, and heightened ovarian stromal echogenicity. These parameters, particularly ovarian volume and follicle count, serve as reliable markers for PCOS, with peripheral follicle distribution being an especially distinctive indicator of the condition. Enhanced ovarian stromal echogenicity suggests potential reproductive dysfunction. In addition to these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another imaging modality that may be used to assess ovarian morphology. MRI provides insights similar to pelvic ultrasound, allowing for the measurement of ovarian volume and follicle count, as well as observation of follicular distribution patterns. The integration of MRI in the diagnostic process enhances the accuracy of PCOS evaluation. Thus, a combination of clinical, laboratory, and advanced imaging techniques is essential for the precise diagnosis of PCOS.
